Gum of BUTEA MONOSPERMA is used to treat microbial and fungal infections in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in- vitro antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether and alcoholic extract of BUTEA MONOSPERMA gum was evaluated against various microbial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeuriogenosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution technique. Both extracts showed significant inhibition against reference gram positive bacteria and fungal strains. MIC value of petroleum ether extract against gram positive and fungal strains was 300 mg / ml and that of alcoholic extract was 200 mg / ml. Neither extract showed inhibitions against gram negative bacteria.

The root and flowers of BUTEA MONOSPERMA (Lam.) were extracted with methanol. Extensive chromatographic separation and purification with the organic solvents was done. Four phytochemicals were separated and their structures were established based on various spectroscopic techniques. Isolated crude extract was subjected for antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus megatarium, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using standard protocols with MIC (Bacterial) in range of 7.5 to 25 mg/ml. The antifungal activity was also carried out against strains of Alternaria, Fusarium and Aspergillus flavus within the range between 10 mg/ml to 300 mg/ml MIC (Fungal). The results of antibacterial activity were compared with a standard antibiotic disc of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (5 to 30 mg/disc) against the same microbial strains. The results of antifungal activity were compared with nystatin (100 to 200 mg/disc) against the same microbial strains.

Nature is a valuable resource, supplying remedies for the treatment of all diseases. Plant kingdom stands for a plethora of natural compounds that are well known for their utilization in therapeutic applications. They may pave the way for the development of new mediators with appropriate efficacy in many pathological disorders in the future. In India and throughout the world, herbs have become a principle and popular medicine. Recognized green medicines are better than synthetic ones and have fewer side effects. Since ancient times, plants have been intended for their medicinal properties for treating various diseases owing to their fewer side effects, availability of the agent, cost-efficiency, and potential effectiveness. The medicinal value of plants stems from various vegetative parts of the plant, including flowers, fruit, bark, roots, leaves, seeds, and its modified parts. The Indian forests are the major repository of remedial and aromatic medicinal plants, which can be used for the production of a plethora of remedies against various diseases. BUTEA MONOSPERMA is one of the traditional Ayurvedic medicinal plants considered a rich source of ingredients that can be used in drug development as home remedies to treat various diseases, such as diarrhea, constipation, hypertension, dehydration, bronchial asthma, leucorrhea, cancer, infection, as well as liver and stomach disorders. The seed powder is known for its notable medicinal, pharmaceutical, and insecticidal activities. This study highlights the traditional Ayurvedic importance of an eminent medicinal plant, B. MONOSPERMA, with its active chemical constituents, as well as pharmacological, environmental, ecological, economical, and agricultural significance. This plant can be planted everywhere to take advantage of its versatile applications.

Nanostructured enzyme mimics are of great interest as promising alternatives to artificial enzymes for biomedical and catalytic applications. Studying the chemical interactions between antioxidants and nano-enzymes may result in a better understanding of the capability of antioxidants and may help improve the function of artificial enzymes to better mimic natural enzymes. In this study, using palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) as peroxidase mimics to catalyze the oxidation of chromophoric substrates by H2O2, we developed a platform that acts as a biosensor for hydrogen peroxide and glucose and that can study the inhibitory effects of natural antioxidants on peroxidase mimics.The peroxidase-like activity of BUTEA MONOSPERMA reduced Palladium nanoparticles was assessed through using 3',3',5',5'-tetramethyl benzidine(TMB) as a chromogen in the presence of H2O2. BUTEA MONOSPERMA reduced palladium nanoparticles BM-PdNPs catalytically oxidize TMB using H2O2, resulting in the production of a blue oxidation product. This product was measured and quantified using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength (λmax) of 652 nm. The pH, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration are crucial factors in investigating the catalytic activity of BM-PdNPs. The glucose oxidase enzyme catalyzes the production of gluconic acid, resulting in the release of H2O2 as a byproduct which can be subsequently be measured using BM-PdNPs. Under optimal conditions, the method exhibited a linear range of 1.5 µM to 1000 µM for glucose determination. The limit of detection (LOD) calculated using the equation 3σ/m, was found to be 0.78 μM. The authenticity of the results obtained from BM-PdNPs was confirmed through the use of UV-Vis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron microscopy (TEM)

To investigate the ulcer protective and antisecretory properties of the methanolic extract of BUTEA MONOSPERMA (BM) bark with relation to antioxidant studies. The study was done on male albino rats. Gastric ulcers were induced by Aspirin, Alcohol and Pylorous ligation. Lansoprazole was used as the standard drug for comparison. The free radical scavenging potential of the bark of BM extract was studied by using different In vitro antioxidant models of screening. The methanolic extract at 500µg/ml showed maximum free radical scavenging was estimated by lipid per oxidation, reducing power, superoxid anion and hydroxyl scavenging activity. Treatment with BM extract in different doses, significantly protected the ulceration induced by aspirin, alcohol along with ulceration induced by pyloric ligation models. Ant-secretary studies in pyloric ligated rats revealed that BM extract (in two different doses) significantly reduced total acidity, free acidity and gastric output. The pH of gastric secretion significantly increased in treatment of BM extract. The methanolic extract of BM bark possesses significant antiulcer and anti-secretory activities. Its antioxidant is also significantly stimulatory in different models.

Introduction: BUTEA frondosa has been suggested to be very useful in treating inflammatory diseases but no scientific investigation has been done in such direction. In this study the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of leaves aqueous extract of B. frondosa were determined in infected and non-infected human whole blood against specific vaccine antigen, HBsAg.Methods: In order to explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities of B. frondosa (0.5–0 mg/mL; 50 ml), infected (virally) and non infected (control) human whole blood samples were stimulated with hepatitis B vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg, 20 mg/mL; 10 ml) in order to determined its blood counts and proliferation assay.Results: Aqueous leaves extract of B. frondosa (10 mg/mL; 50 ml) containing HBsAg inhibited the percentage count of monocytes as well as granulocytes population in both cases. In addition, this aqueous extract also reduced its proliferation rate at higher doses.Conclusion: Aqueous leaves extract of B. frondosa possesses both anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities and might be used for these purposes.

Chronic neuropathic pain is a common significant and debilitating problem that presents a major challenge to health-care. Despite the large number of available drugs, there are no curative conventional treatments for neuropathic pain. Nowadays, more attention has been focused on the herbal formulation in the field of drug discovery. Therefore, we performed an extensive review about herbal drugs and plants that exhibited protective effects on neuropathic pain. In this review, the beneficial effects of each plant in different neuropathic pain model, either in animals or in patients are reported. Moreover, the possible involved mechanisms for the protective effects are discussed. The more common plants which are used for the treatment of neuropathic pain are included as: Acorus calamus, Artemisia dracunculus, BUTEA MONOSPERMA, Citrullus colocynthis, Curcuma longa, Crocus sativus, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Ginkgo biloba, Mitragyna speciosa, Momordica charantia, Nigella sativa, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterodon pubescens Benth, Rubia cordifolia and Salvia officinalis. Furthermore, the most pathways which are known to be involved in pain relief by means of herbal remedies are anti-oxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory actions.In conclusion, this review suggests that some herbal plants can be suitable candidates for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

The HPTLC analysis, antioxidant, and antigout activity of Asparagus racemosus, Withania somnifera, Vitex negundo, Plumbago zeylanica, BUTEA MONOSPERMA and Tephrosia purpurea extracts were investigated. The chemical fingerprinting were carried out by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), antioxidant activity by ABTS, DPPH, FRAP radical scavenging assays, and antiogout activity by cow milk xanthine oxidase. The HPTLC fingerprint qualitatively revealed predominant amount of flavonoids. The TEAC values ranged from 45.80 to 140 mM trolox/100 g dry weight for ABTS, from 85 to 430 mM trolox/ 100 g dw DPPH, and 185 to 560 mM trolox/100 g dw for FRAP respectively. Plants used in this study was found to inhibit the toxicity, as seen from the decreased LPO and increased GSH, SOD and CAT levels. The total phenolic and flavonoid content ranged from 10.21 to 28.17 and 5.80 to 10.1 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /100 gdw respectively. The plant extracts demonstrated significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity at 100 g/mL and revealed an inhibition greater than 50% and IC50 values below the standard. This effect was almost similar to the activity of allopurinol (Standard drug) against xanthine oxidase (90.2±0.4 %). These plant root extract will be subjected for further extensive studies to isolate and identify their active constituents which are useful for against inflammation and gout.

Introduction: Immunological adjuvants derived from various synthetic micro-organisms or from medicinal plant products enhance specific immune responses against vaccine antigens. Immunological studies have already done pertaining to identify compounds from medicinal plant metabolites that are suitable for vaccine formulation. In this study, aqueous leave extracts of BUTEA frondosa were selected to evaluate their haemolytic activity and immunoadjuvant effects.Methods: For this study, immunoadjuvant activity was investigated ex vivo in mice model based studies using splenocyte proliferation assay and also measured IgG titre in cell culture supernatant (using indirect ELISA). Swiss mice were immunized subcutaneously with specific protein antigen i.e. hepatitis B vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg, 20 mg/mL; 10 ml) on day 0 and collected the spleen cells on day 4 and proceeded for proliferation assay of variable doses of aqueous leaves extracts of BUTEA frondosa (0.5–30 mg/ml; 50 ml) along with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (challenging dose; 20 mg/mL; 10 ml) and also estimated the antibody (IgG) titre in splenocyte cell culture supernatant including determination of its haemolytic activity in human whole blood samples.Results: The results demonstrated that aqueous leave extracts stimulated HBsAg population at lower doses (0.5 mg/mL) and also enhanced IgG titre as compared with control and HBsAg treated group. In addition, aqueous leaves extracts of BUTEA frondosa showed anti-HBsAg titre at higher doses and also showed slightly haemolytic effect in human whole blood.Conclusion: These results suggested that aqueous extract of BUTEA frondosa may represent viable candidate for effective vaccine adjuvants due to their higher immune response (with respect to IgG titre and proliferation assay) and lower or non-haemolytic effects.

Essential oils of four aromatic plants, Artemisia MONOSPERMA Del., Callistemon viminals(Sol.ex Gaertn.) G. Don, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle and Cupressus macrocarpaHartw. ex Gordon, were evaluated for their anti-nutritional, antifeedant, growth inhibitory and insecticidal activities againstSopdoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The essential oils of A. MONOSPERMA and C. aurantifolia caused the highest reduction in relative growth rate (RGR) at the tested concentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000mg/l). The RGR values ranged between 8.63 and 3.05 mg/day for A. MONOSPERMA, and between 10.74 and 2.89 mg/day for C. aurantifolia compared with 14.89 mg/day for control after 72 h of treatment. In general, the results showed that the values of relative growth rate (RGR) decreased with increasing the concentration of the tested oils. In addition, the tested oils significantly reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD) values, particularly at the higher concentrations of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/l. On the other hand, the tested oils showed antifeedant activity against the larvae ofS. littoralis with A. MONOSPERMA and C. aurantifolia oils being more active than C. viminalsand C. macrocarpa oils. The tested oils showed remarkable growth inhibition effect as the growth inhibition index values were increased from 37.63 to 79.80% forA. MONOSPERMA, from 21.69 to 52.12% for C. viminals, from 16.55 to 28.59% for C. aurantifoliaand from 37.64 to 52.32% for C. macrocarpa when the concentration increased from 125 to 2000mg/l. Based on chitin formation ratio values, the tested essential oils induced reduction in chitin formation.A. MONOSPERMA and C. macrocarpa essential oils revealed the highest insecticidal activity on 4th instar larvae of S. littoralis. Examination of reproductive tracts of adult females emerged from treated larvae indicated that the tested oils caused undifferentiated ovarioles.